Letter #2738
Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUSVienna, 1544-06-30
| received Elbing (Elbląg), 1544-09-20 Manuscript sources:
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Text & apparatus & commentaryPlain textText & commentaryText & apparatus
Reverendissimo domino, domino
Reverendissime Domine, domine observandissime.
Servitia mea, velim, perpetuo commendata esse Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationi.
Ego certe summo desiderio saepius ad Vestram Reverendissimam Dominationem scriberem, praesertim cum novitates se offerunt. Ut iam iam post conflictum ad
Iam oppidum
Non dubito, quin Vestra Reverendissima Dominatio sciat conclusionem imperii novite[r]
Nunc vadit reverendissimus dominus
Datae
Eiusdem Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationis obsequentissimus
Die gefangen vnd totten in der slacht in
probably
probably
Her
Des grafn
Bey sechtzigten fandln dorunder etliche schwartze mit maischain[21].
[1 ] The battle of April 11, 1544 at Ceresole d’Alba in Piedmont, 30 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km from Carignano. The French forces, about 12,000 foot soldiers and about 1,600 horsemen, under the command of François de Bourbon, count of Enghien, defeated the imperial forces numbering about 15,000 foot soldiers and 900 horsemen under the command of Alfonso d’Avalos. The losses, estimated at a high 1/3 of both armies, were greater on the imperial army’s side (about 5,000-6,000). The French took 2,530 Germans and 630 Spaniards prisoner (see cf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌊OMANcf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌋, p. 229-243; letter cf.
[2 ] The battle at Serravalle Scrivia (in Piedmont) on June 2, 1544 was a kind of revenge for the defeat at Ceresole (see footnote 1). Imperial army units under the command of Ferrante da San Severino, duke of Salerno, Rodolfo Baglioni and Cesare da Napoli defeated the Italian regular units in the service of the French, under the command of Piero Strozzi and Giovan Francesco Orsini count of Pitigliano, whose task was to back up the army of François de Bourbon, count of Enghien (see cf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌊du Bellaycf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌋, p. 234-235; cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 490; cf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌊OMANcf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌋, p. 242-243)
[3 ] Three similar lists, though differing in details from that enclosed with the present letter, are found in the correspondence of Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern (see cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 857, p. 95-96, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 23, p. 16-17, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum I, p. 95)
[4 ] Most likely a reference to the pay given to Barbarossa by French dauphin Henry de Valois (Barbarossa received also a silver plate and clock from Francis I) and to the maintenance of Barbarossa’s fleet but also providing it with supplies for the return to Constantinople in April 1544 (see cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 489; cf. Ion Ursu, La politique orientale de François I-er, Paris, 1908 ⌊URSUcf. Ion Ursu, La politique orientale de François I-er, Paris, 1908 ⌋, p. 144, 146-147, 151-152, cf. letter cf.
[5 ] Before leaving Toulon on May 23, 1544 Barbarossa demanded that all Turkish and Barbary corsairs be released from the French service and he plundered five French ships in the port. He left Toulon accompanied by six French galleys under the command of Antoine Escalin des Essars, baron de la Garde (called captain Polin) and Leone Strozzi. They took part in the Turkish plundering of the Neapolitan coast and abducting people from there. Rumors about all these events reaching Vienna made for a slightly distorted picture of the events in Herberstein’s letter (see cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 489, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum III, p. 97)
[6 ] Luxembourg capitulated on May 29. Imperial commanders Ferrante Gonzaga and Wilhelm von Fürstenberg marched into the town on June 6, 1544 (see cf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌊du Bellaycf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌋, p. 239, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum II-III, p. 96-97; cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 490; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 286-287; cf. letter cf.
[7 ] Commercy surrendered to Charles V on June 15, 1544 (see cf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌊du Bellaycf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌋, p. 239-240; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 863, p. 101)
[8 ] Herberstein is referring to Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul. After the diet in Speyer closed down (on June 10), Charles V gathered his forces in Metz (about 40,000), where he stayed from June 17 to July 6 and then set off for Paris, moving towards Saint-Dizier (see cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌊HEIDRICH 1912cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌋, p. 3-50; cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 311-312; cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 2002cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌋, p. 656; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 287)
[9 ] The Reich diet with Charles V’sparticipation was in session in Speyer from February 23 to June 10, 1544 (cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌊HEIDRICH 1912cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌋, p. 13; cf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌊Janssen 1903 VIcf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌋, p. 247-260; cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 310-311, cf. cf. Corpus Documental de Carlos V, vol. 2 (1539-1548), ed. by Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Salamanca, 1975 ⌊CDCV 2cf. Corpus Documental de Carlos V, vol. 2 (1539-1548), ed. by Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Salamanca, 1975 ⌋, No. 270, p. 212-213)
[10 ] In view of the consequences of the French-Turkish alliance, the estates of the Reich at the Speyer diet unanimously agreed on a regular army of 20,000 foot soldiers and 4,000 horsemen for six months, of which Charles V was to send 8,000 foot soldiers and 1,000 horsemen to the border of Austria and Moravia as a defense against the expected Turkish attack (see cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 852, p. 91, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 481, p. 102; cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 1975cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌋, p. 128; cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 2002cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌋, p. 655; cf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌊Janssen 1903 VIcf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌋, p. 250; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 285)
[11 ] A reference to the continued negotiations with the Protestant camp on dealing with religious affairs in the Reich. In exchange for the resolution on the regular army for the war with Turkey and France, Charles V issued a proclamation guaranteeing that the dukes of the Reich would not be persecuted for their faith, recognizing the status of secularized Church property, halting the work of the Reich Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht) against supporters of the Augsburg Confession. This declaration caused the pope’s great displeasure (cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 1975cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌋, p. 128-129; cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌊HEIDRICH 1912cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌋, p. 30-50; cf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌊Janssen 1903 VIcf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌋, p. 252-260; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋ p. 285-286; cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 859, p. 98)
[12 ] The peace with Christian III of Denmark was signed at the Speyer diet on May 23, 1544 (see cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 311; cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 882, p. 63)
[13 ] Herberstein is most probably referring to the reaction of Henry VIII to the coronation, on September 9, 1543, of the 9-month-old Mary I Stuart as the queen of Scotland, and to the Scottish parliament’s subsequent renewal of the old aliance with France and rejection of the treaty of Greenwich, under which Henry VIII’s son Edward was to marry the juvenile heiress to the Scottish throne in 1552, taking over the thrones of England and Scotland. Up to 1551 Henry VIII carried out a number of military operations against Scotland that weakened the country. On May 7, 1544 Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, commander-in-chief to Henry VIII, invaded Edinburgh with the aim of abducting Mary, but when this plain failed he just plundered and burned Edinburgh (cf. Guy, p. 19-24, 27-32; cf. Herbert A. L. Fisher, The History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of Henry VIII (1485-1547), London, 1919 ⌊Fishercf. Herbert A. L. Fisher, The History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of Henry VIII (1485-1547), London, 1919 ⌋, p. 455-466, cf. Mark Nicholls, A History of the Modern British Isles, 1529-1603. The Two Kingdoms, [Oxford], [1999] ⌊NICHOLLScf. Mark Nicholls, A History of the Modern British Isles, 1529-1603. The Two Kingdoms, [Oxford], [1999] ⌋, p. 73, 90-92; cf. Jasper Ridley, Henry VIII, [New York], 1985 ⌊Ridleycf. Jasper Ridley, Henry VIII, [New York], 1985 ⌋, p. 381-382; cf. Jack J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, Barkley and Los Angeles, 1968 ⌊Scarisbrickcf. Jack J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, Barkley and Los Angeles, 1968 ⌋, p. 443-444, 469)
[14 ] Franz Ricco as a member of Ferdinand I’s council and his envoy to Constantinople in spring 1537, accusing János I Zápolya of breaking the peace treaty. Herberstein’s scout in Poland in 1529 (see cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, 69, 199, cf. cf. Jagiellonki polskie w XVI wieku. Uzupełnienia, rozprawy, materyały głównie z Ces. Tajnego Archiwum Warmińskiego czerpane, przez Alexandra hr. Przezdzieckiego przeznaczone na dodatkowy tom V, z pozostałości autora wydał i dopełnił Józef Szujski, ed. by Józef Szujski, Kraków, 1878 ⌊Jagiellonki 5cf. Jagiellonki polskie w XVI wieku. Uzupełnienia, rozprawy, materyały głównie z Ces. Tajnego Archiwum Warmińskiego czerpane, przez Alexandra hr. Przezdzieckiego przeznaczone na dodatkowy tom V, z pozostałości autora wydał i dopełnił Józef Szujski, ed. by Józef Szujski, Kraków, 1878 ⌋, Additions, Section II, No. 21, p. 46-47)
[16 ] Alfonso d’Aragona’s mission in Poland lasted from August to October. When he found that Sigismund I and Sigismund II Augustus were away from Cracow, he went to Brest-Litovsk (August 17, 1544) where the diet of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was being held. His mission had two goals: to improve the marital relations of Sigismund II Augustus and Elizabeth von Habsburg, and to persuade the Polish king to take part in an anti-Turkish crusade (cf. Gerhard Deggeller, Karl V. und Polen-Litauen. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Ostpolitik des spaeten Kaisertums., Wuerzburg - Aumuehle, 1939 ⌊DEGGELLERcf. Gerhard Deggeller, Karl V. und Polen-Litauen. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Ostpolitik des spaeten Kaisertums., Wuerzburg - Aumuehle, 1939 ⌋, p. 38, cf. cf. Jacek Wijaczka, Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski z Rzeszą Niemiecką (1519-1556), Kielce, 1998 ⌊WIJACZKA 1998cf. Jacek Wijaczka, Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski z Rzeszą Niemiecką (1519-1556), Kielce, 1998 ⌋, p. 167-170, 276-277; cf. Listy z lat 1525-1548 ze zbiorów Władysława Pociechy, Witolda Taszyckiego i Adama Turasiewicza, ed. by Kazimierz Rymut, Kraków, 1998, series: Listy polskie XVI wieku 1 ⌊Listy polskie 1cf. Listy z lat 1525-1548 ze zbiorów Władysława Pociechy, Witolda Taszyckiego i Adama Turasiewicza, ed. by Kazimierz Rymut, Kraków, 1998, series: Listy polskie XVI wieku 1 ⌋, No. 122, p. 324-325; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 865, p. 103-104, No. 868, p. 106, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 25, p. 18-19, see also cf. Anna Dembińska, Zygmunt I. Zarys dziejów wewnętrzno - politycznych w latach 1540-1548, Poznań, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1948, series: Poznańskie TPN Prace Komisji Historycznej 15/3 ⌊DEMBIŃSKA 1948cf. Anna Dembińska, Zygmunt I. Zarys dziejów wewnętrzno - politycznych w latach 1540-1548, Poznań, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1948, series: Poznańskie TPN Prace Komisji Historycznej 15/3 ⌋, p. 240-244)
[18 ] Piero Strozzi despite being related to the Medicis, he fought against their restitution to power. After the defeat at Montemurlo in 1537, he fled to France to the court of Catherine de’ Medici. Appointed the marshal of France in 1554, he again unsuccessfully fought against Cosimo I de’Medici to defend the independence of Siena. Considered the inventor of the dragoon (horse arquebusiers) formation
[19 ] Galeotto II Pico della Mirandola (1508-1550), count of Miarandola (1533-1548)
[21 ] The information about the imperial forces capturing 60 standards at Serravalle, including four black ones with a crescent motif, is confirmed by a report in Gabriel Tarło’s letter (cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 23, p. 17, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum I, p. 95)