Reverendissimo Domino, domino Ioannes Dantiscus (Johannes von Höfen, Ioannes de Curiis, Jan Dantyszek, Johannes Flachsbinder) (*1485 – †1548), eminent diplomat and humanist in the service of the Jagiellons, neo-Latin poet; 1530-1537 Bishop of Kulm; 1537-1548 Bishop of Ermland⌊Ioanni DantiscoIoannes Dantiscus (Johannes von Höfen, Ioannes de Curiis, Jan Dantyszek, Johannes Flachsbinder) (*1485 – †1548), eminent diplomat and humanist in the service of the Jagiellons, neo-Latin poet; 1530-1537 Bishop of Kulm; 1537-1548 Bishop of Ermland⌋ episcopo Varmiensi etc. domino suo observandissimo

Reverendissime Domine, domine observandissime. Servitiorum meorum commendatione praemissa.

Cum nuper in Septembri Cracow (Kraków, Cracovia), city in southern Poland, Małopolska, on the Vistula river, from 1038 capital of the Kingdom of Poland⌊Craccouia<m>Cracow (Kraków, Cracovia), city in southern Poland, Małopolska, on the Vistula river, from 1038 capital of the Kingdom of Poland⌋ percurrerem[1] in legationem ad serenissimos Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria

Sigismund II Augustus Jagiellon (Zygmunt II August) (*1520 – †1572), 1529-1572 Grand Duke of Lithuania (ruled from 1544); 1530-1572 King of Poland (crowned vivente rege (ruled from 1548, after the death of his father); son of Sigismund I Jagiellon and Bona Sforza⌊Poloniae regesSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria

Sigismund II Augustus Jagiellon (Zygmunt II August) (*1520 – †1572), 1529-1572 Grand Duke of Lithuania (ruled from 1544); 1530-1572 King of Poland (crowned vivente rege (ruled from 1548, after the death of his father); son of Sigismund I Jagiellon and Bona Sforza⌋, dederat Cornelis De Schepper (Cornelius Scepperus, Cornelis De Dobbele, Cornelius Duplicius) (*1503 – †1555), erudite, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; close friend of Ioannes Dantiscus; initially in the service of Christian II of Oldenburg, King of Denmark; 1526 secretary and councillor to Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (CE, vol. 3, p. 218-220; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 15-24)⌊Cornelius SceperusCornelis De Schepper (Cornelius Scepperus, Cornelis De Dobbele, Cornelius Duplicius) (*1503 – †1555), erudite, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; close friend of Ioannes Dantiscus; initially in the service of Christian II of Oldenburg, King of Denmark; 1526 secretary and councillor to Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (CE, vol. 3, p. 218-220; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 15-24)⌋ litteras ad Vestram Reverendissimam Dominationem satis longas[3] in manus meas. Quas genero[4] domini Iustus Ludovicus Decius (Justus Ludwik Decjusz, Jost Ludwig Dietz, Iodocus Decius) (*ca. 1485 – †1545), merchant, historian, reformer of the Polish monetary system; ennobled in 1519; 1520-1524 royal secretary; 1528 Cracow town councillor; 1528 alderman in Piotrków; 1526-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Königsberg; 1528-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Thorn; 1530-1540 administrator of the royal mint in Cracow; 1519, 1520, 1522, 1523-1524 - royal envoy to Italy (PSB 5, p. 42-45; WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 250-251; NOGA, p. 304)⌊Iodoci LudoviciIustus Ludovicus Decius (Justus Ludwik Decjusz, Jost Ludwig Dietz, Iodocus Decius) (*ca. 1485 – †1545), merchant, historian, reformer of the Polish monetary system; ennobled in 1519; 1520-1524 royal secretary; 1528 Cracow town councillor; 1528 alderman in Piotrków; 1526-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Königsberg; 1528-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Thorn; 1530-1540 administrator of the royal mint in Cracow; 1519, 1520, 1522, 1523-1524 - royal envoy to Italy (PSB 5, p. 42-45; WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 250-251; NOGA, p. 304)⌋ consignavi, ut eas atque meas[6] socero suo (qui tum in Prussia, region in central Europe, bordered by Pomerania, Poland, Lithuania and Livonia. From 1466 Prussia was divided into Royal Prussia (Prussia Regalis), which was a part of the Kingdom of Poland, and Teutonic Prussia (Prussia Ordinis Theutonici) – covering the remnants of the former territory of the Teutonic Order’s state in Prussia. In 1525, the Order’s last Grand Master, Albrecht von Hohenzollern, converted to Lutheranism and became the first lay duke in former Teutonic Prussia (dux in Prussia), which from then on was called Ducal Prussia (Prussia Ducalis). At that time, as a result of the treaty of Cracow, Ducal Prussia became a fief of the kings of Poland⌊PrussiPrussia, region in central Europe, bordered by Pomerania, Poland, Lithuania and Livonia. From 1466 Prussia was divided into Royal Prussia (Prussia Regalis), which was a part of the Kingdom of Poland, and Teutonic Prussia (Prussia Ordinis Theutonici) – covering the remnants of the former territory of the Teutonic Order’s state in Prussia. In 1525, the Order’s last Grand Master, Albrecht von Hohenzollern, converted to Lutheranism and became the first lay duke in former Teutonic Prussia (dux in Prussia), which from then on was called Ducal Prussia (Prussia Ducalis). At that time, as a result of the treaty of Cracow, Ducal Prussia became a fief of the kings of Poland⌋a erat) transmitteret. Neque enim tunc tutiori modo putabam posse ad Vestram Reverendissimam Dominationem transmittere. Eo autem tempore, quo ego Vilnius (Wilno, Vilna), city in Lithuania, on the Vilnia river, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⌊VilnaeVilnius (Wilno, Vilna), city in Lithuania, on the Vilnia river, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⌋ eram[7], Iustus Ludovicus Decius (Justus Ludwik Decjusz, Jost Ludwig Dietz, Iodocus Decius) (*ca. 1485 – †1545), merchant, historian, reformer of the Polish monetary system; ennobled in 1519; 1520-1524 royal secretary; 1528 Cracow town councillor; 1528 alderman in Piotrków; 1526-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Königsberg; 1528-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Thorn; 1530-1540 administrator of the royal mint in Cracow; 1519, 1520, 1522, 1523-1524 - royal envoy to Italy (PSB 5, p. 42-45; WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 250-251; NOGA, p. 304)⌊Iodocus LudovicusIustus Ludovicus Decius (Justus Ludwik Decjusz, Jost Ludwig Dietz, Iodocus Decius) (*ca. 1485 – †1545), merchant, historian, reformer of the Polish monetary system; ennobled in 1519; 1520-1524 royal secretary; 1528 Cracow town councillor; 1528 alderman in Piotrków; 1526-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Königsberg; 1528-1535 administrator of the royal mint in Thorn; 1530-1540 administrator of the royal mint in Cracow; 1519, 1520, 1522, 1523-1524 - royal envoy to Italy (PSB 5, p. 42-45; WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 250-251; NOGA, p. 304)⌋ Cracow (Kraków, Cracovia), city in southern Poland, Małopolska, on the Vistula river, from 1038 capital of the Kingdom of Poland⌊CracoviamCracow (Kraków, Cracovia), city in southern Poland, Małopolska, on the Vistula river, from 1038 capital of the Kingdom of Poland⌋ venerat et iterum Silesia (Śląsk), region mainly in today's southwestern Poland, in 1526-1741 under Habsburg rule as part of the Czech-Hungarian legacy of Ferdinand I⌊SlesiamSilesia (Śląsk), region mainly in today's southwestern Poland, in 1526-1741 under Habsburg rule as part of the Czech-Hungarian legacy of Ferdinand I⌋ versus progressus[8]. Scripsit quidem ad me litteras meas ad se datas[9] recepisse. De litteris vero ad Vestram Reverendissimam Dominationem datis nullam mentionem facit. Et ideo ad eum iam ternas dedi litteras[10] cupiens certior fieri, an eiusmodi litterae essent Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationi per ipsum missae, neque enim hodie certior factus sum. Post reditum meum ex Vilnius (Wilno, Vilna), city in Lithuania, on the Vilnia river, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⌊VilnaVilnius (Wilno, Vilna), city in Lithuania, on the Vilnia river, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⌋ scripsi ad dominum Cornelis De Schepper (Cornelius Scepperus, Cornelis De Dobbele, Cornelius Duplicius) (*1503 – †1555), erudite, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; close friend of Ioannes Dantiscus; initially in the service of Christian II of Oldenburg, King of Denmark; 1526 secretary and councillor to Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (CE, vol. 3, p. 218-220; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 15-24)⌊CorneliumCornelis De Schepper (Cornelius Scepperus, Cornelis De Dobbele, Cornelius Duplicius) (*1503 – †1555), erudite, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; close friend of Ioannes Dantiscus; initially in the service of Christian II of Oldenburg, King of Denmark; 1526 secretary and councillor to Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (CE, vol. 3, p. 218-220; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 15-24)⌋[11], is vero respondet nihil. Credo illum aliquod tale de me suspicari, ac si ego negligenter cum illius litteris egissem, cum vel nullum responsum habeat aut intellexerit illas non esse praesentatas. Ego quoque causam nescio, cur Vestra Reverendissima Dominatio ad meas (si saltem illas receperit) non responderit. Atque ita motus, cum nactus sum nuntium commodum, denuo Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationi scribere et supplicare, quatenus non dedigneturm, me certiorem facere, an illas domini Cornelis De Schepper (Cornelius Scepperus, Cornelis De Dobbele, Cornelius Duplicius) (*1503 – †1555), erudite, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; close friend of Ioannes Dantiscus; initially in the service of Christian II of Oldenburg, King of Denmark; 1526 secretary and councillor to Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (CE, vol. 3, p. 218-220; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 15-24)⌊CorneliiCornelis De Schepper (Cornelius Scepperus, Cornelis De Dobbele, Cornelius Duplicius) (*1503 – †1555), erudite, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; close friend of Ioannes Dantiscus; initially in the service of Christian II of Oldenburg, King of Denmark; 1526 secretary and councillor to Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (CE, vol. 3, p. 218-220; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 15-24)⌋ receperit nec ne. Sin vero (ut ad me ex Cracow (Kraków, Cracovia), city in southern Poland, Małopolska, on the Vistula river, from 1038 capital of the Kingdom of Poland⌊CracoviaCracow (Kraków, Cracovia), city in southern Poland, Małopolska, on the Vistula river, from 1038 capital of the Kingdom of Poland⌋ scribitur) Vestra Reverendissima Dominatio male habet , quod ex eo coniecturatur, cum iam dudum nemini quicquam rescripserit, saltem tribus verbis faciat scribere, se recepisse vel non recepisse[12].

Scriberem nova, si quae essent iucunda, sed utique scribam ex debito talia, qualia sunt. Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile⌊CaesarCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile⌋ noster nunc Regensburg (Ratisbona), city in southeastern Germany, Bavaria, on the Danube river⌊RatisbonaeRegensburg (Ratisbona), city in southeastern Germany, Bavaria, on the Danube river⌋ agit[13], confluunt principes undequaque. Ab inde spes ac redemptionis nostrae post Deum dependet. Serenissimus Ferdinand I of Habsburg (*1503 – †1564), from 1521 Archduke of Austria, from 1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia as Ferdinand I, 1531-1558 King of the Romans, 1558-1564 Holy Roman Emperor; son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, a younger brother of Charles V of Habsburg⌊Romanorum rexFerdinand I of Habsburg (*1503 – †1564), from 1521 Archduke of Austria, from 1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia as Ferdinand I, 1531-1558 King of the Romans, 1558-1564 Holy Roman Emperor; son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, a younger brother of Charles V of Habsburg⌋ etc. dominus meus clementissimus cuperet quantocius advolare, sed cum negotium Hungaricum[14] adh[uc] in dubio pendet, The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) ⌊TurciThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) ⌋que non longe a Pest, city in Hungary, on the left bank of Danube river, which divides Pest from Buda, in 1873 Buda, Pest and Óbuda were unified to become Budapest⌊PeschtPest, city in Hungary, on the left bank of Danube river, which divides Pest from Buda, in 1873 Buda, Pest and Óbuda were unified to become Budapest⌋[15] castrametati obsiduum minantur, videtur magis esse ex re, ut illos propellat, antequam ab hinc Regensburg (Ratisbona), city in southeastern Germany, Bavaria, on the Danube river⌊RatisbonamRegensburg (Ratisbona), city in southeastern Germany, Bavaria, on the Danube river⌋ solvat[16]. Cui operi maxime est sua Ferdinand I of Habsburg (*1503 – †1564), from 1521 Archduke of Austria, from 1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia as Ferdinand I, 1531-1558 King of the Romans, 1558-1564 Holy Roman Emperor; son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, a younger brother of Charles V of Habsburg⌊maiestasFerdinand I of Habsburg (*1503 – †1564), from 1521 Archduke of Austria, from 1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia as Ferdinand I, 1531-1558 King of the Romans, 1558-1564 Holy Roman Emperor; son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, a younger brother of Charles V of Habsburg⌋ intenta. Cupiebamus Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationis auctoritatem eo ipso in negotio, consequi tamen non potuimus[17]. Fiat voluntas Domini.

Italy (Italia)⌊ItaliamItaly (Italia)⌋ iam aiunt pacatam, nisi quod Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) (*1468 – †1549), 1493 elevated to cardinal; 1524 Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia; 1534-1549 Pope⌊summum pontificemPaul III (Alessandro Farnese) (*1468 – †1549), 1493 elevated to cardinal; 1524 Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia; 1534-1549 Pope⌋ nescio quid dicunt moliri contra Ascanio Colonna ⌊Ascanium ColonaAscanio Colonna ⌋[18]. De The French ⌊GallorumThe French ⌋ cogitationibus nemo est securus[19]. Pedro Alvarez de Toledo (*1484 – †1553), marquis of Villafranca, 1532-1553 viceroy of Naples⌊Vicerex NeapolitanusPedro Alvarez de Toledo (*1484 – †1553), marquis of Villafranca, 1532-1553 viceroy of Naples⌋ providet omnibus portibus et Adriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea⌊AdriaticiAdriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea⌋ et Mediterranean⌊MediteraneiMediterranean⌋ Maris. Forte in eo quosdam offendet, cum utique necessario id fiat[20]. Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationi me et servitia mea commendo.

Datae Vienna (Wien, Vienna), city in eastern Austria, on the Danube river⌊ViennaeVienna (Wien, Vienna), city in eastern Austria, on the Danube river⌋ Austriae, XXII Martii anno Domini 1541.

Eiusdem Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominatonis obsequentissimus Sigmund von Herberstein (*1486 – †1566), diplomat in the service of Emperor Maximilian I, Charles V, and Roman King Ferdinand I, writer and historian. In 1517 sent to Poland to conduct the marriage between King Sigismund I Jagiellon and Duchess Bona Sforza d'Aragona, and to Moscow to arrange a truce between the Grand Duchy of Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 1515 member of the Council of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1515-1553 carried out many diplomatic missions (in 1517 and 1526 he was twice an imperial envoy at the Muscovy court)⌊Sigismundus ab HerberstainSigmund von Herberstein (*1486 – †1566), diplomat in the service of Emperor Maximilian I, Charles V, and Roman King Ferdinand I, writer and historian. In 1517 sent to Poland to conduct the marriage between King Sigismund I Jagiellon and Duchess Bona Sforza d'Aragona, and to Moscow to arrange a truce between the Grand Duchy of Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 1515 member of the Council of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1515-1553 carried out many diplomatic missions (in 1517 and 1526 he was twice an imperial envoy at the Muscovy court)⌋, liber baro

[1 ] See cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 5

[3 ] See cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 4, cf. IDL 2427, footnote 23 and IDL 2442, footnote 3

[4 ] We know the names of Jost Ludwig Decius’ (see footnote 6) two sons-in-law: one was Jan Paczek ⌊Jan PaczekJan Paczek ⌋, the other was Stanisław Aichler (Stanislaus Glandinus) (*1520 – †1585), doctor of canon and civil law in Bologna (1537), humanist, lawyer, poet, son-in-law of Jost Ludwig Dietz (Decius); 1538 Cracow town clerk; alderman of Magdeburg law at the Cracow castle (PSB 1, s. 33)⌊Stanisław AichlerStanisław Aichler (Stanislaus Glandinus) (*1520 – †1585), doctor of canon and civil law in Bologna (1537), humanist, lawyer, poet, son-in-law of Jost Ludwig Dietz (Decius); 1538 Cracow town clerk; alderman of Magdeburg law at the Cracow castle (PSB 1, s. 33)⌋ (Glandinus) (1520 – c. 1585), doctor of canon and civil law in Bologna (1537), lawyer, humanist, poet, Cracow town clerk (1538), alderman of Magdeburg law at the Cracow castle, a correspondent of Dantiscus (cf. Zdzisław Noga, Krakowska rada miejska w XVI wieku. Studium o elicie władzy, Kraków, 2003 ⌊NOGAcf. Zdzisław Noga, Krakowska rada miejska w XVI wieku. Studium o elicie władzy, Kraków, 2003 ⌋, p. 304; cf. Ioannes Dantiscus, Ioannes Dantiscus' Latin Letters, 1537, ed. by Anna Skolimowska, Warsaw - Cracow, OBTA-PAU, 2004, series: Corpus Epistularum Ioannis Dantisci 1, Ioannis Dantisci Epistulae Latinae 1, series ed.(s): Jerzy Axer, Anna Skolimowska ⌊CEID 1/1cf. Ioannes Dantiscus, Ioannes Dantiscus' Latin Letters, 1537, ed. by Anna Skolimowska, Warsaw - Cracow, OBTA-PAU, 2004, series: Corpus Epistularum Ioannis Dantisci 1, Ioannis Dantisci Epistulae Latinae 1, series ed.(s): Jerzy Axer, Anna Skolimowska ⌋, p. 52, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌊EFE 45cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌋, No. 51, p. 45)

[6 ] A reference to cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋

[7 ] Herberstein stayed in Vilnius from c. September 26 to October 5, 1540, cf. cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 5

[8 ] Decius left Cracow for Silesia on October 16, two days before Herberstein’s arrival in Cracow from Vilnius (see cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1855cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌋, p. 327; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌊EFE 48cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌋, No. 378-379, p. 132, 134, cf. office copy, BCz, 245, p. 237, in the center of the page; footnote 13; cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 5)

[9 ] Unknown letter

[10 ] Unknown letters

[11 ] The mentioned letter of Herberstein to Cornelis De Schepper (see cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 3), unknown to the editors, was written after his return to Vienna from Vilnius (October 28, 1540) (see cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnotes 4-5; cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1855cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌋, p. 327-328; UUB, H.155, f. 37r, 40r). According to De Schepper’s report, after returning from Vilnius Herberstein learned that the letters he had sent from Cracow to Toruń to Jost Ludwig Decius had been returned to Cracow because Decius was no longer in Toruń (see cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1855cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌋, p. 327; Cornelis De Schepper to Dantiscus, Binche, April 12, 1541, UUB 155, f. 37r). However, on October 5 Dantiscus received the letters of De Schepper (see cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 4) and Herberstein (cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋). Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern also received Herberstein’s letter through Decius before October 15, 1540. Decius had probably managed to send them on to Dantiscus and duke Albrecht before he left Cracow, clearly failing to inform Herberstein of this fact (cf. cf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to [Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN] Braunsberg (Braniewo), 1541-05-26, CIDTC IDL 2427⌊IDL 2341cf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to [Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN] Braunsberg (Braniewo), 1541-05-26, CIDTC IDL 2427⌋, footnote 12). If we assume that De Schepper’s information is inaccurate, it is also possible that the parcel was sent after Decius, who left Toruń for Königsberg. The parcel could also have been split en route – the letter to Decius would have been returned to Cracow, and the letters to Dantiscus would have been sent directly to the addressee (see cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌊EFE 45cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌋, No. 32, p. 30; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌊EFE 48cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌋, No. 375, p. 128, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 56. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XXVI pars (AD. 1539-1540), vol. 56, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1982 ⌊EFE 56cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 56. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XXVI pars (AD. 1539-1540), vol. 56, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1982 ⌋, No. 1846, p. 240)

[12 ] Dantiscus wrote to Herberstein immediately upon receiving the letters from Herberstein and De Schepper on October 5, 1540, and then c. January 10, 1541. Neither of these letters reached Herberstein and they are only known from mentions (see footnote 13; cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 4; cf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to [Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN] Braunsberg (Braniewo), 1541-05-26, CIDTC IDL 2427⌊IDL 2341cf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to [Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN] Braunsberg (Braniewo), 1541-05-26, CIDTC IDL 2427⌋; cf. Inroduction, Table on p. 47)

[13 ] Charles V was in Regensburg from February 24 to April 23 and from May 3 to July 28, 1541, at the Reich diet which he opened on April 5.The diet was dominated by the religious dispute, started in Hagenau (cf. cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌊IDL 2341cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Cracow, 1540-09-09, CIDTC IDL 2341⌋, footnote 2), later continued in Worms and aimed at pacifying religious and political relations in the Reich under the auspices of Charles V (see cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frankfurt a. M., 1911, part 1: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1541-1543, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstage dargestellt ⌊HEINDRICH 1911cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frankfurt a. M., 1911, part 1: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1541-1543, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstage dargestellt ⌋, p. 7-53; cf. Athina Lexutt, Rechtfertigungsverständnis in den Religionsgesprächen von Hagenau 1540/41, Göttingen, 1996 ⌊Lexuttcf. Athina Lexutt, Rechtfertigungsverständnis in den Religionsgesprächen von Hagenau 1540/41, Göttingen, 1996 ⌋, p. 38-45; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 266-269; cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 283, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌊EFE 48cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌋, No. 380, p. 139)

[14 ] A reference to the political and military operation undertaken in autumn 1540 by Ferdinand I upon receiving news of the death of János I Zápolya (see letter No. 31, footnote 2), aimed at securing the rights to the Kingdom of Hungary and taking control of it. Suleiman I’s response was military intervention and occupation of Buda (1541), which resulted in the division of the Kingdom of Hungary (see cf. Andrzej Dziubiński, Stosunki dyplomatyczne polsko-tureckie w latach 1500-1572 w kontekście międzynarodowym, Wrocław, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005 ⌊DZIUBIŃSKIcf. Andrzej Dziubiński, Stosunki dyplomatyczne polsko-tureckie w latach 1500-1572 w kontekście międzynarodowym, Wrocław, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005 ⌋, p. 133-147; cf. Paula Sutter Fichtner, Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of Reformation, New York, 1982 ⌊Fichtnercf. Paula Sutter Fichtner, Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of Reformation, New York, 1982 ⌋, p. 122-139; cf. Alfred Kohler, Ferdinand I. 1503-1564. Fürst, König unf Kaiser, München, 2003 ⌊KOHLER 2003cf. Alfred Kohler, Ferdinand I. 1503-1564. Fürst, König unf Kaiser, München, 2003 ⌋, p. 213-215, cf. cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1855cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌋, p. 329-337; cf. Gratae posteritati Sigismundus liber baro in Herberstein Neyperg et Guettenhag, primarius ducatus Carinthiae hereditariusque et camerarius … actiones suas a puero ad annum usque aetatis suae septuagesimum quartum brevi commentariolo notatas reliquit, Vienna, Raphael Hofhalter, 1560 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1560cf. Gratae posteritati Sigismundus liber baro in Herberstein Neyperg et Guettenhag, primarius ducatus Carinthiae hereditariusque et camerarius … actiones suas a puero ad annum usque aetatis suae septuagesimum quartum brevi commentariolo notatas reliquit, Vienna, Raphael Hofhalter, 1560 ⌋, f. D4r-v; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 11, p. 8, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌊EFE 45cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌋, No. 32, p. 30-31; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌊EFE 48cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌋, No. 373-374, p. 122-128, No. 376-379, p. 129-135, No. 380, p. 136-139, No. 383, p. 140-143, No. 387, p. 145-152, No. 389, p. 154-155, No. 392-393, p.161-172; cf cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1541-06-25, CIDTC IDL 2442⌊Mittelalterlichecf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1541-06-25, CIDTC IDL 2442⌋)

[15 ] In October and November 1540, Ferdinand’s troops under the command of Leonard von Fels advanced on Buda, took Pest, and because of the coming of winter, withdrew, seizing en route the castles of Tata and Visegrád (see cf. Andrzej Dziubiński, Stosunki dyplomatyczne polsko-tureckie w latach 1500-1572 w kontekście międzynarodowym, Wrocław, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005 ⌊DZIUBIŃSKIcf. Andrzej Dziubiński, Stosunki dyplomatyczne polsko-tureckie w latach 1500-1572 w kontekście międzynarodowym, Wrocław, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005 ⌋, p. 138, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 36. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, VI pars (AD. 1538-1542), vol. 36, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1975 ⌊EFE 36cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 36. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, VI pars (AD. 1538-1542), vol. 36, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1975 ⌋, No. 663, p. 100, No. 675, p. 113, No. 680, Annexum VI, p. 130, No. 681, p. 133-134, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌊EFE 48cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌋, No. 406, p. 187-192, cf. No. 416, Annexum I, p. 213-215; cf. Johannes Voigt, "Briefwechsel des Freih. Sigismund von Herberstein mit dem Herzog Albrecht von Preußen", in: Archiv zur Kunde österreichische Geschichtes-Quellen vol. 17/2, Wien, 1857, p. 265-293 ⌊VOIGT 1857cf. Johannes Voigt, "Briefwechsel des Freih. Sigismund von Herberstein mit dem Herzog Albrecht von Preußen", in: Archiv zur Kunde österreichische Geschichtes-Quellen vol. 17/2, Wien, 1857, p. 265-293 ⌋, p. 281)

[16 ] Probably a reference to the Turkish camp near Pest; Ferdinand I decided to fortify Pest in order to take Buda (cf. Paula Sutter Fichtner, Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of Reformation, New York, 1982 ⌊Fichtnercf. Paula Sutter Fichtner, Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of Reformation, New York, 1982 ⌋, p. 125). On Ferdinand I’s leaving for Regensburg see cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1541-06-25, CIDTC IDL 2442⌊IDL 2442cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1541-06-25, CIDTC IDL 2442⌋, footnote 22

[17 ] Herberstein means Dantiscus could take part in the negotations on the Hungarian issue, yet Dantiscus himself found this suggestion a friendly courtesy (see cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌊EFE 45cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌋, ll. 50-57)

[18 ] After the Ascanio Colonna’s dispute with pope Paul III concerning his raising of salt prices in 1539 (which was contrary to the privilege granted to the Colonnas by pope Martin V) was initially appeased, and after an agreement was concluded by Charles V with the Colonnas’ support, in February 1541 some of the Colonnas’ clients were arrested after refusing to pay higher prices for salt. Despite the intervention of the imperial ambassador in Rome, Vittorio Colonna, and the viceroy of Naples, Pedro de Toledo, Ascanio Colonna decided on military action, which ended in his defeat, confiscation of the Colonna estates in Rome and Campagna (returned only after the death of Paul III) and Ascanio having to emigrate to his estate in the Kingdom of Naples. Ioannes Decius sent Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern news of Ascanio Colonna’s plundering in cities dependent on the pope, which some said had been done with the emperor’s consent, from Padua on May 20, 1541 (cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌊EFE 45cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌋, No. 37, p. 34)

[19 ] Probably a reference to Francis I’s position concerning the Hungarian issue after the death of János I Zápolya (July 21, 1540). Having recognized the right of Zápolya’s son, the infant János II Sigismund Zápolya (b. July 7, 1540) to the Hungarian throne, Suleiman I encouraged Francis I to make things difficult for Charles V in the west, so that he would be unable to help his brother Ferdinand I in operations aimed at taking over Hungary. Taking into account that the infant heir to the throne might die, some of the Hungarian states intended to proclaim Charles, Duc d'Orleans, as the king with the sultan's consent (see letter No. 40, footnote !!!). Perhaps Herberstein’s remark is also an allusion to the marriage – arranged by Francis I and concluded on June 14, 1540 – between the heiress to the Kingdom of Navarre, Jeanne d’Albret, and Wilhelm V, duke of Jülich-Kleve-Berg, brother-in-law of Johann Friedrich, Saxon elector. At the time, duke Wilhelm was involved in a dispute with the emperor over the rights to Guelders (see letter No. 37, footnote !!!), while Jeanne’s father and Francis I’s brother-in-law, king of Navarre Henri d’Albret was holding secret negotiations with the emperor. The marriage was annulled by the pope in 1545 (see cf. Ion Ursu, La politique orientale de François I-er, Paris, 1908 ⌊URSUcf. Ion Ursu, La politique orientale de François I-er, Paris, 1908 ⌋, p. 123-126; cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 396, 478-479, 487). In his letter from Padua dated May 20, 1541, Ioanes Decius informed Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern that Francis I had sent several thousand infantry towards Turin (cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌊EFE 45cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 45. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIV pars H B A, B 3, 1525-72, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1977 ⌋, No. 37, p. 34)

[20 ] Probably a reference to special monitoring and safeguarding of ports within the Kingdom of Naples in connection with the threat from Barbarossa’s fleet (see cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to [Ioannes DANTISCUS?] Vienna, 1534-08-29, CIDTC IDL 6280⌊IDL 6280cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to [Ioannes DANTISCUS?] Vienna, 1534-08-29, CIDTC IDL 6280⌋ footnote 8) and Charles V’s planned expedition to Algiers. The remark on the possibility of violating someone’s rights during this kind of operation could be an allusion to the rights of Queen Bona Sforza in the Duchy of Bari. The safeguarding of her estates in Apulia and Calabria was committed by Suleiman I to Barbarossa in the autumn 1540. A year earlier the sultan guaranteed the safety of the queen’s estates during the actions of the Turkish fleet (see cf. Andrzej Dziubiński, Stosunki dyplomatyczne polsko-tureckie w latach 1500-1572 w kontekście międzynarodowym, Wrocław, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005 ⌊DZIUBIŃSKIcf. Andrzej Dziubiński, Stosunki dyplomatyczne polsko-tureckie w latach 1500-1572 w kontekście międzynarodowym, Wrocław, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, 2005 ⌋, p. 137-138, cf. 125-126, 131). These guarantees could have been a pretext for attempts at interfering in the internal affairs of Bona’s duchies by the viceroy of Naples. There had already been instances of the queen’s rights being violated with respect to appointing officials in Bari in 1536, when the viceroy willfully appointed a governor in Bari. This conflict ended with the judgment of Charles V of October 31, 1537 ordering the viceroy of Naples to obey all the rights and privileges of queen Bona in the Duchy of Bari (see cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, p. 285-288, 320-327, No. 13-14). On Suleiman fleet’s preparations which could indicate he considered a great anti-Habsburg offensive and which caused anxiety at European courts, see cf. Fodor Pál, "Ottoman Policy Towards Hungary, 1520-1541", in: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae XLV (2-3), 1991, p. 271-245 ⌊PÁLcf. Fodor Pál, "Ottoman Policy Towards Hungary, 1520-1541", in: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae XLV (2-3), 1991, p. 271-245 ⌋, p. 310-311., cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌊EFE 48cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 48. Res Polonicae ex Archivo Regiomontano, XVIII pars (AD. 1539-1541), vol. 48, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1979 ⌋, No. 380, p. 139)