Letter #6280
Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to [Ioannes DANTISCUS?]Vienna, 1534-08-29
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Text & apparatus & commentaryPlain textText & commentaryText & apparatus
GStA PK, XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, HBA, H, K. 763, No. VI.11.44, p. 7
Quid
Quam mercedem ille
In
Ex
Eiusdem Reverendissimae Dominationis Vestrae deditissimus
[1] Lope de Soria after Charles V abdicated, was Ferdinand I’s envoy to the Swiss Cantons (cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌊KF IVcf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌋, No. 739, p. 171, No. 768, p. 228, 233, No. 791, 264-265, No. 794, p. 269, 272, No. 839, p. 367, 371-372; cf. Corpus Documental de Carlos V, vol. 1 (1516-1539), ed. by Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Salamanca, 1973 ⌊CDCV 1cf. Corpus Documental de Carlos V, vol. 1 (1516-1539), ed. by Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Salamanca, 1973 ⌋, No. 166-167, p. 405-408; cf. Miguel Ángel Ochoa Brun, "Die Diplomatie Karls V" in: Karl V. 1500-1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee, Wien, 2002, p. 181-196 ⌊OCHOA BRUNcf. Miguel Ángel Ochoa Brun, "Die Diplomatie Karls V" in: Karl V. 1500-1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee, Wien, 2002, p. 181-196 ⌋, p. 185).
[2] Cf. letter cf.
[3] Barbarossa Acting with the approval of Francis I, who was trying to regain Genoa and Milan, in August 1534 seized Tunis (regained in 1535 by Charles V). In 1538 Barbarossa won the naval battle at Preveza in the region of Epir against the fleet of the Holy League under the command of Andrea Doria, which consolidated the Ottoman Empire’s rule in the Mediterranean until the battle of Lepanto in 1571.
[4] A reference to the operation of Barbarossa’s fleet of 90 galleys and 200 boats, which from early August 1534 attacked and destroyed ports on the southwestern coast of Italy, starting with Messina. Barbarossa also attacked Fondi, situated inland, halfway between Rome and Naples, from where he planned to kidnap the famous beauty Gulia Gonzaga for Suleiman I. The subsequent pillaging of Terracina and Procida caused panic in Rome and Naples (see cf. Jean Pierre Edmond Jurien de la Gravière, Doria et Barberousse, Paris, 1886 ⌊Gravièrecf. Jean Pierre Edmond Jurien de la Gravière, Doria et Barberousse, Paris, 1886 ⌋, p. 228-230; cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌊KF 4cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌋, No. 794, p. 272-273; cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌊AT 16/2cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌋, No. 578, p. 368-369).
[5] From 1528, thanks to Andrea Doria (see letter cf.
[6] Francis I did not take part personally in the previously mentioned expedition to Genoa (see footnote 10).
[7] A reference to the attempted capture of Genoa in spring 1534 by the French fleet under Francesco di Saluzzo, with simultaneous bloody riots instigated in the city by supporters of France (see cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌊AT 16/1cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌋, No. 270, p. 502; cf. cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, p. 184).
[8] Probably an allusion to Charles V’s tendency to turn to astrology when he needed to make a decision, see e.g. Dantiscus to Sigismund I, Valladolid, February 25, 1523 (cf. Españoles y Polacos en la Corte de Carlos V. Cartas del embajador Juan Dantisco, ed. by Antonio Fontán, Jerzy Axer, Isabel Velázquez, Jerzy Mańkowski, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1994 ⌊Españolescf. Españoles y Polacos en la Corte de Carlos V. Cartas del embajador Juan Dantisco, ed. by Antonio Fontán, Jerzy Axer, Isabel Velázquez, Jerzy Mańkowski, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1994 ⌋, part II, No. 11, p. 153); Cornelis De Schepper to Dantiscus, Augsburg, September 14, 1532, cf.
[9] Imre Czibak (Csibak) murdered at the order of Lodovico Gritti on the night of August 11/12, 1534, having planned an insurrection against him as the governor of Hungary devoted to Turkey. The murder speeded up the outbreak of an insurrection against Gritti in Transylvania, led by Stefan Mailath (see cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌊AT 16/2cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌋, No. 475, p. 172; cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌊KF 4cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌋, No. 812, p. 312-313; cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, p. 180-181, 193; cf. Ferenc Szákaly, Ludovico Gritti in Hungary 1529-1534. A Historical Insight into the Beginnings of Turco-Habsburgian Rivalry, Budapest, 1995 ⌊Szakálycf. Ferenc Szákaly, Ludovico Gritti in Hungary 1529-1534. A Historical Insight into the Beginnings of Turco-Habsburgian Rivalry, Budapest, 1995 ⌋, p. 90-92 .
[10] Dantiscus was informed on a current basis about the course of events in war-torn Denmark, as evidenced by the letter of Warmia bishop Maurycy Ferber dated June 12, 1534 and Gdańsk Mayor Johann Werden’s letter dated August 20, 1534 (see cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌊AT 16/1cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌋, No. 333, p. 612-614, cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌊AT 16/2cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌋, No. 420, p. 86-88, cf. cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌊AT 16/1cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌋, No. 352, p. 645-647, No. 379, p. 688-689, cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌊AT 16/2cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌋, No. 400, p. 43-44).
[11] After the Treaty of Kaaden was signed (see footnote 25), between August 18 and September 2, 1534 Ferdinand I traveled from Prague to Vienna. In early August, Lodovico Gritti was still awaited there, who – as a representative of Suleiman I – was to present the sultan’s position on the terms of the peace with Turkey and the status of Hungary. Ferdinand I and Charles V wanted to achieve peace and gain Suleiman I’s recognition of Ferdinand I’s full rights to the Kingdom of Hungary (or at least to Ferdinand’s estates lying within its borders), in exchange for giving Koróni to Turkey. In the end, Gritti never arrived in Vienna. After the murder of Imre Czibak (see footnote 15), an insurrection against Gritti broke out, which ended in his death (see cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌊KF 4cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌋, No. 810-812, p. 311-313; cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌊AT 16/1cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌋, No. 236, p. 439-445, No. 321, p. 595, cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌊AT 16/2cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/2, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1961 ⌋, No. 475, p. 172, No. 552, p. 314, No. 578, p. 368, cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 17, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wacław Urban, Andrzej Wyczański, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1966 ⌊AT 17cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 17, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wacław Urban, Andrzej Wyczański, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1966 ⌋, No. 482, p. 600; cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, p. 167-169, 179-182; cf. letter cf.
[12] Herberstein expresses the position of Ferdinand I here, who claimed the right to the entire Kingdom of Hungary, and not just the part formally under his rule, known as Royal Hungary.
[13] A reference to the fact that the part of the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by János I Zápolya was dependent on Suleiman I. In spring 1534, Francis Bebek began promoting the idea of liberating Hungary from Turkish tyranny (see cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌊AT 16/1cf. Acta Tomiciana, vol. 16/1, ed. by Władysław Pociecha, Wrocław - Kraków - Poznań, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1960 ⌋, No. 278, p. 516).
[14] After Philip I, the landgrave of Hesse, defeated Ferdinand I’s forces at Laufen and Ulrich regained the Duchy of Württemberg (see letter No. 29, footnotes 20-21), on June 29, 1534 Ferdinand I signed a peace treaty in Kaaden (Czech: Kadaň) near Cheb. In exchange for recognizing Ulrich’s rights to Württemberg and promising to comply with the terms of the so-called Nuremberg religious peace treaty, he obtained recognition of his title of king of the Romans by the Saxon elector, Johann Friedrich and his allies. Ludwig X and Wilhelm IV, dukes of Bavaria, signed a separate agreement with the Habsburgs in Linz on September 11, 1534 (cf. letter No. 28, footnote 24), but continued to maintain contacts with János I Zápolya. Herberstein witnessed the negotiations in Kaaden (see cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1855cf. Sigmund Herberstein, Sigmunds von Herberstein Selbstbiographie, ed. by Th. G. von Karajan, Wien, 1855, series: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum I Abteilung, Scriptores Band 1 ⌋, p. 314-316; cf. Gratae posteritati Sigismundus liber baro in Herberstein Neyperg et Guettenhag, primarius ducatus Carinthiae hereditariusque et camerarius … actiones suas a puero ad annum usque aetatis suae septuagesimum quartum brevi commentariolo notatas reliquit, Vienna, Raphael Hofhalter, 1560 ⌊HERBERSTEIN 1560cf. Gratae posteritati Sigismundus liber baro in Herberstein Neyperg et Guettenhag, primarius ducatus Carinthiae hereditariusque et camerarius … actiones suas a puero ad annum usque aetatis suae septuagesimum quartum brevi commentariolo notatas reliquit, Vienna, Raphael Hofhalter, 1560 ⌋, f. D3r; cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌊KF 4cf. Die Korrespondenz Ferdinands I, vol. 4: Familienkorrespondenz 1533 und 1534, ed. by Christopher F. Laferl, Christina Lutter, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2000 ⌋, No. 794, p. 269-272; cf. Alfred Kohler, Ferdinand I. 1503-1564. Fürst, König unf Kaiser, München, 2003 ⌊KOHLER 2003cf. Alfred Kohler, Ferdinand I. 1503-1564. Fürst, König unf Kaiser, München, 2003 ⌋, p. 155-157; cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, p. 184; cf. letter cf.
[15] Most likely a reference to the Protestant dukes’ recognition of Ferdinand I’s title of the king of the Romans and, under the Kaaden treaty, the dukes’ loyalty to Ferdinand in case of an external threat, as proved when Philip I, the landgrave of Hesse, came to Vienna at the start of 1535 to take command in the face of the threat of a Turkish attack (see cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, p. 184).
[16] A reference to the Duchy of Württemberg, which was ruled by the Habsburgs from 1519 to May 1534 (see letter cf.