AAWO, AB, D. 6, f. 57v

Reverendissimo domino, domino Ioannes Dantiscus (Johannes von Höfen, Ioannes de Curiis, Jan Dantyszek, Johannes Flachsbinder) (*1485 – †1548), eminent diplomat and humanist in the service of the Jagiellons, neo-Latin poet; 1530-1537 Bishop of Kulm; 1537-1548 Bishop of Ermland⌊Ioanni DantiscoIoannes Dantiscus (Johannes von Höfen, Ioannes de Curiis, Jan Dantyszek, Johannes Flachsbinder) (*1485 – †1548), eminent diplomat and humanist in the service of the Jagiellons, neo-Latin poet; 1530-1537 Bishop of Kulm; 1537-1548 Bishop of Ermland⌋ episcopo Varmiensi etc. domino suo observandissimo, versus ubi fuerit

AAWO, AB, D. 6, f. 57r

Reverendissime Domine, domine observandissime.

Servitia mea, velim, perpetuo commendata esse Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationi. Ego certe summo desiderio saepius ad Vestram Reverendissimam Dominationem scriberem, praesertim cum novitates se offerunt. Ut iam iam post conflictum ad Carignano⌊CarignanumCarignano⌋[1], ubi certe multi boni et emeriti occubuere, neque hosti incruenta victoria cessit, ita ut nihil praeter nomen victoris et forte viginti tormenta in lucrum cesserunt. Postea vero quarta aut, ut alii stabunt, quinta praesentis mensis omnes vires Italicae, quae Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌊GallumFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌋ sequebantur, contritae sunt[2]. Omnia capita capta aut caesa, quorum nomina aliqua in scheda Vestra Reverendissima Dominatio videbit[3] .

Hayreddin Barbarossa (Khair al-Din) (*ca. 1478 – †1546), famous pirate, from 1518 the service of the Ottomans; conqueror of Algiers (1519) and Tunis (1534); in 1535, after the attack of the imperial fleet under the command of Andrea Doria, he lost control of Tunis; in 1538 he occupied a number of Venetian islands in the Aegean and plundered Crete; in the same year the Ottoman fleet under his command defeated the Holy League fleet at the Battle of Preveza ; 1532 grand admiral of the Ottoman fleet (CE, vol. 2, p. 259-260)⌊BarbarossusHayreddin Barbarossa (Khair al-Din) (*ca. 1478 – †1546), famous pirate, from 1518 the service of the Ottomans; conqueror of Algiers (1519) and Tunis (1534); in 1535, after the attack of the imperial fleet under the command of Andrea Doria, he lost control of Tunis; in 1538 he occupied a number of Venetian islands in the Aegean and plundered Crete; in the same year the Ottoman fleet under his command defeated the Holy League fleet at the Battle of Preveza ; 1532 grand admiral of the Ottoman fleet (CE, vol. 2, p. 259-260)⌋ diu per Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌊regem GalliarumFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌋ in suo sinu nutritus, et plus quam unum milionem cum dimidio coronatorum in eum transfuderit[4]. Is iam abiit et omnes naves Gallicas spoliavit tormentis et remigibus. Sunt, qui certo volunt maiorem partem classis Turciae Gallicae una cum capitaneis abduxisse et in orientem navigasse[5] .

Luxembourg (Luxemburg), castle and city in the Duchy of Luxembourg⌊LucenburgumLuxembourg (Luxemburg), castle and city in the Duchy of Luxembourg⌋, quod anno praeterito Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌊GallusFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌋ occupaverat, ignobile oppidum, quod tamen maximis expensis mirabiliter fortificavit, hic nunc sine sanguine et cum maximo videlicet foenore Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile⌊caesariCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile⌋ ce paper damaged⌈[ce]ce paper damaged⌉ssit[6], nam illic reperta sunt sexaginta tormenta maiora pro deiciendis muris, alia viginti ms. viginta(!) ⌈vigintiviginti ms. viginta(!) ⌉ aut triginta minora ad confligendum commoda, item tria milia centenariorum pulveris et alia multa.

Iam oppidum Commercy, town in northeastern France on the Meuse River, on the border of historical Lorraine and the Holy Roman Empire, in the 15th-16th centuries, strongly fortified, it had two inner castles⌊CamerseCommercy, town in northeastern France on the Meuse River, on the border of historical Lorraine and the Holy Roman Empire, in the 15th-16th centuries, strongly fortified, it had two inner castles⌋[7] deiectis muris {se} in gratiam et omnimodam voluntatem ms. voluntatis(!) ⌈voluntatemvoluntatem ms. voluntatis(!) ⌉ Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile⌊caesarisCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile⌋ se dedidit, atque ita progreditur caesar in France (Gallia, Francia), the kingdom⌊GalliasFrance (Gallia, Francia), the kingdom⌋[8].

Non dubito, quin Vestra Reverendissima Dominatio sciat conclusionem imperii noviter hidden by binding⌈[r]r hidden by binding⌉ Speyer (Spira), city in western Germany, on the Rhine river, 25 km S of Mannheim⌊SpiraeSpeyer (Spira), city in western Germany, on the Rhine river, 25 km S of Mannheim⌋[9] de auxiliis contra Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌊GallumFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy⌋ et The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) ⌊TurcasThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) ⌋[10], Germany (Germania, Niemcy)⌊GermaniamGermany (Germania, Niemcy)⌋que omnino pacatam ms. pacata(!) ⌈pacatampacatam ms. pacata(!) ⌉ et concordem[11], item pacem inter caesarem et Christian III of Oldenburg (*1503 – †1559), 1534-1559 King of Denmark and Norway, 1523-1559 Duke of Holstein and Schleswig; son of Frederick I of Oldenburg, King of Denmark, and his first consort, Anna of Brandenburg⌊regem DaniaeChristian III of Oldenburg (*1503 – †1559), 1534-1559 King of Denmark and Norway, 1523-1559 Duke of Holstein and Schleswig; son of Frederick I of Oldenburg, King of Denmark, and his first consort, Anna of Brandenburg⌋[12], progressu<m> Henry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York⌊regis AngliaeHenry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York⌋ cum The Scots ⌊ScotisThe Scots ⌋[13].

Nunc vadit reverendissimus dominus Franz von Sprinzenstein (Ricco, Ricius) (*ca.1580 – †1578), son of Paul, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; 1532-1575 provost of Trent; member of Ferdinand I’s council; 1534 royal envoy to Philip I, count Palatine; 1536-1537 - to Constantinople; 1539 (and later) - to Spain (CE, vol. 3, p. 157-158; ALLEN 10, p. 370)⌊Franciscus RiciusFranz von Sprinzenstein (Ricco, Ricius) (*ca.1580 – †1578), son of Paul, diplomat in the Habsburgs' service; 1532-1575 provost of Trent; member of Ferdinand I’s council; 1534 royal envoy to Philip I, count Palatine; 1536-1537 - to Constantinople; 1539 (and later) - to Spain (CE, vol. 3, p. 157-158; ALLEN 10, p. 370)⌋ liber baro in Sprincznstein[14], praepositus cathedralis ecclesiae Tridentinae, serenissimi Ferdinand I of Habsburg (*1503 – †1564), from 1521 Archduke of Austria, from 1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia as Ferdinand I, 1531-1558 King of the Romans, 1558-1564 Holy Roman Emperor; son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, a younger brother of Charles V of Habsburg⌊regisFerdinand I of Habsburg (*1503 – †1564), from 1521 Archduke of Austria, from 1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia as Ferdinand I, 1531-1558 King of the Romans, 1558-1564 Holy Roman Emperor; son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, a younger brother of Charles V of Habsburg⌋ mei[15] consiliarius qui ... illegible⌈...... illegible⌉ cum Alfonso d' Aragona cousin of Queen Bona Sforza d'Aragona, godfather of Diego Gracián de Alderete; secretary and member of the council of Ferdinand I; 1544 envoy of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg to Poland and Lithuania, with the task of improving the martial relations of Sigismund II Augustus and Elisabeth of Habsburg, and persuading the Polish king to take part in an anti-Turkish crusade (CEID 2/1, p. 191; DEGGELLER, p. 38; WIJACZKA 1998, p. 167-170, 276-277)⌊oratoreAlfonso d' Aragona cousin of Queen Bona Sforza d'Aragona, godfather of Diego Gracián de Alderete; secretary and member of the council of Ferdinand I; 1544 envoy of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg to Poland and Lithuania, with the task of improving the martial relations of Sigismund II Augustus and Elisabeth of Habsburg, and persuading the Polish king to take part in an anti-Turkish crusade (CEID 2/1, p. 191; DEGGELLER, p. 38; WIJACZKA 1998, p. 167-170, 276-277)⌋ caesareo[16] ad serenissimos Sigismund II Augustus Jagiellon (Zygmunt II August) (*1520 – †1572), 1529-1572 Grand Duke of Lithuania (ruled from 1544); 1530-1572 King of Poland (crowned vivente rege (ruled from 1548, after the death of his father); son of Sigismund I Jagiellon and Bona Sforza

Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊reges PoloniaeSigismund II Augustus Jagiellon (Zygmunt II August) (*1520 – †1572), 1529-1572 Grand Duke of Lithuania (ruled from 1544); 1530-1572 King of Poland (crowned vivente rege (ruled from 1548, after the death of his father); son of Sigismund I Jagiellon and Bona Sforza

Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋. Volui, ut ipse mihi bonus dominus et amicus Dominationem Vestram Reverendissimam, si saltem Eandem illic reperiat, adeat meque commendet. Quem Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationi commendo, et me pariter.

Dat(ae) or Dat(um)⌈Dat(ae)Dat(ae) or Dat(um)⌉ Vienna (Wien, Vienna), city in eastern Austria, on the Danube river⌊ViennaeVienna (Wien, Vienna), city in eastern Austria, on the Danube river⌋ Austria⌊AustriaeAustria⌋, ultima Iunii anno 1544.

Eiusdem Vestrae Reverendissimae Dominationis[17] obsequentissimus Sigmund von Herberstein (*1486 – †1566), diplomat in the service of Emperor Maximilian I, Charles V, and Roman King Ferdinand I, writer and historian. In 1517 sent to Poland to conduct the marriage between King Sigismund I Jagiellon and Duchess Bona Sforza d'Aragona, and to Moscow to arrange a truce between the Grand Duchy of Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 1515 member of the Council of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1515-1553 carried out many diplomatic missions (in 1517 and 1526 he was twice an imperial envoy at the Muscovy court)⌊Sigismundus liber baro in HerberstainSigmund von Herberstein (*1486 – †1566), diplomat in the service of Emperor Maximilian I, Charles V, and Roman King Ferdinand I, writer and historian. In 1517 sent to Poland to conduct the marriage between King Sigismund I Jagiellon and Duchess Bona Sforza d'Aragona, and to Moscow to arrange a truce between the Grand Duchy of Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 1515 member of the Council of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1515-1553 carried out many diplomatic missions (in 1517 and 1526 he was twice an imperial envoy at the Muscovy court)⌋, manu propria.

[1] The battle of April 11, 1544 at Ceresole d’Alba in Piedmont, 30 km southeast of Turin and about 15 km from Carignano. The French forces, about 12,000 foot soldiers and about 1,600 horsemen, under the command of François de Bourbon, count of Enghien, defeated the imperial forces numbering about 15,000 foot soldiers and 900 horsemen under the command of Alfonso d’Avalos. The losses, estimated at a high 1/3 of both armies, were greater on the imperial army’s side (about 5,000-6,000). The French took 2,530 Germans and 630 Spaniards prisoner (see cf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌊OMANcf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌋, p. 229-243; letter cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1543-10-11, CIDTC IDL 2664⌊IDL 2664cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1543-10-11, CIDTC IDL 2664⌋, footnote 61).

[2] The battle at Serravalle Scrivia (in Piedmont) on June 2, 1544 was a kind of revenge for the defeat at Ceresole (see footnote 1). Imperial army units under the command of Ferrante da San Severino, duke of Salerno, Rodolfo Baglioni and Cesare da Napoli defeated the Italian regular units in the service of the French, under the command of Piero Strozzi and Giovan Francesco Orsini count of Pitigliano, whose task was to back up the army of François de Bourbon, count of Enghien (see cf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌊du Bellaycf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌋, p. 234-235; cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 490; cf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌊OMANcf. Charles OMAN, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, New York, s.d. ⌋, p. 242-243).

[3] Three similar lists, though differing in details from that enclosed with the present letter, are found in the correspondence of Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern (see cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 857, p. 95-96, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 23, p. 16-17, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum I, p. 95).

[4] Most likely a reference to the pay given to Barbarossa by French dauphin Henry de Valois (Barbarossa received also a silver plate and clock from Francis I) and to the maintenance of Barbarossa’s fleet but also providing it with supplies for the return to Constantinople in April 1544 (see cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 489; cf. Ion Ursu, La politique orientale de François I-er, Paris, 1908 ⌊URSUcf. Ion Ursu, La politique orientale de François I-er, Paris, 1908 ⌋, p. 144, 146-147, 151-152, cf. letter cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1543-10-11, CIDTC IDL 2664⌊IDL 2664cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1543-10-11, CIDTC IDL 2664⌋, footnote 54).

[5] Before leaving Toulon on May 23, 1544 Barbarossa demanded that all Turkish and Barbary corsairs be released from the French service and he plundered five French ships in the port. He left Toulon accompanied by six French galleys under the command of Antoine Escalin des Essars, baron de la Garde (called captain Polin) and Leone Strozzi. They took part in the Turkish plundering of the Neapolitan coast and abducting people from there. Rumors about all these events reaching Vienna made for a slightly distorted picture of the events in Herberstein’s letter (see cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 489, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum III, p. 97).

[6] Luxembourg capitulated on May 29. Imperial commanders Ferrante Gonzaga and Wilhelm von Fürstenberg marched into the town on June 6, 1544 (see cf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌊du Bellaycf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌋, p. 239, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum II-III, p. 96-97; cf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌊Knechtcf. Robert Jean Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, Cambridge, 1994 ⌋, p. 490; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 286-287; cf. letter cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1543-10-11, CIDTC IDL 2664⌊IDL 2664cf. Sigmund von HERBERSTEIN to Ioannes DANTISCUS Vienna, 1543-10-11, CIDTC IDL 2664⌋, footnote 52).

[7] Commercy surrendered to Charles V on June 15, 1544 (see cf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌊du Bellaycf. Martin du Bellay, Guillaume du Bellay, Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay, vol. IV , ed. by V.-L. Bourrilly, Fleury Vindry, Paris, 1919 ⌋, p. 239-240; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 863, p. 101).

[8] Herberstein is referring to Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul. After the diet in Speyer closed down (on June 10), Charles V gathered his forces in Metz (about 40,000), where he stayed from June 17 to July 6 and then set off for Paris, moving towards Saint-Dizier (see cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌊HEIDRICH 1912cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌋, p. 3-50; cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 311-312; cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 2002cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌋, p. 656; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 287).

[9] The Reich diet with Charles V’sparticipation was in session in Speyer from February 23 to June 10, 1544 (cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌊HEIDRICH 1912cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌋, p. 13; cf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌊Janssen 1903 VIcf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌋, p. 247-260; cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 310-311, cf. cf. Corpus Documental de Carlos V, vol. 2 (1539-1548), ed. by Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Salamanca, 1975 ⌊CDCV 2cf. Corpus Documental de Carlos V, vol. 2 (1539-1548), ed. by Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Salamanca, 1975 ⌋, No. 270, p. 212-213).

[10] In view of the consequences of the French-Turkish alliance, the estates of the Reich at the Speyer diet unanimously agreed on a regular army of 20,000 foot soldiers and 4,000 horsemen for six months, of which Charles V was to send 8,000 foot soldiers and 1,000 horsemen to the border of Austria and Moravia as a defense against the expected Turkish attack (see cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 852, p. 91, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 481, p. 102; cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 1975cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌋, p. 128; cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 2002cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Carlos V, el César y el Hombre, Madrid, 2002 ⌋, p. 655; cf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌊Janssen 1903 VIcf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌋, p. 250; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋, p. 285).

[11] A reference to the continued negotiations with the Protestant camp on dealing with religious affairs in the Reich. In exchange for the resolution on the regular army for the war with Turkey and France, Charles V issued a proclamation guaranteeing that the dukes of the Reich would not be persecuted for their faith, recognizing the status of secularized Church property, halting the work of the Reich Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht) against supporters of the Augsburg Confession. This declaration caused the pope’s great displeasure (cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌊Fernández Álvarez 1975cf. Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Charles V Elected Emperor and Hereditary Ruler, London, 1975 ⌋, p. 128-129; cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌊HEIDRICH 1912cf. Paul Heidrich, Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend des Schmalkaldischen Krieges, Frakkfurt a. M., 1912, 2: Die Reichstage der Jahre 1544-1546, Auf Grund vornemhlich der Reichstagskten dargestellt ⌋, p. 30-50; cf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌊Janssen 1903 VIcf. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 6, St. Louis, 1903 ⌋, p. 252-260; cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌊KOHLER 1999cf. Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, München, 1999 ⌋ p. 285-286; cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 859, p. 98).

[12] The peace with Christian III of Denmark was signed at the Speyer diet on May 23, 1544 (see cf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌊Cadenas y Vicentcf. Vincent de Cadenas y Vincent, Diario del Emperador Carlos V (Itinerarios, permanencias, despacho, sucesos y efemérides relevantes de su vida), Madrid, Hidalguia, 1992 ⌋, p. 311; cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 882, p. 63).

[13] Herberstein is most probably referring to the reaction of Henry VIII to the coronation, on September 9, 1543, of the 9-month-old Mary I Stuart as the queen of Scotland, and to the Scottish parliament’s subsequent renewal of the old aliance with France and rejection of the treaty of Greenwich, under which Henry VIII’s son Edward was to marry the juvenile heiress to the Scottish throne in 1552, taking over the thrones of England and Scotland. Up to 1551 Henry VIII carried out a number of military operations against Scotland that weakened the country. On May 7, 1544 Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, commander-in-chief to Henry VIII, invaded Edinburgh with the aim of abducting Mary, but when this plain failed he just plundered and burned Edinburgh (cf. Guy, p. 19-24, 27-32; cf. Herbert A. L. Fisher, The History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of Henry VIII (1485-1547), London, 1919 ⌊Fishercf. Herbert A. L. Fisher, The History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of Henry VIII (1485-1547), London, 1919 ⌋, p. 455-466, cf. Mark Nicholls, A History of the Modern British Isles, 1529-1603. The Two Kingdoms, [Oxford], [1999] ⌊NICHOLLScf. Mark Nicholls, A History of the Modern British Isles, 1529-1603. The Two Kingdoms, [Oxford], [1999] ⌋, p. 73, 90-92; cf. Jasper Ridley, Henry VIII, [New York], 1985 ⌊Ridleycf. Jasper Ridley, Henry VIII, [New York], 1985 ⌋, p. 381-382; cf. Jack J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, Barkley and Los Angeles, 1968 ⌊Scarisbrickcf. Jack J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, Barkley and Los Angeles, 1968 ⌋, p. 443-444, 469).

[14] Franz Ricco as a member of Ferdinand I’s council and his envoy to Constantinople in spring 1537, accusing János I Zápolya of breaking the peace treaty. Herberstein’s scout in Poland in 1529 (see cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌊POCIECHA 4cf. Władysław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494-1557). Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vol. 4, Poznań, PWN, 1958 ⌋, 69, 199, cf. cf. Jagiellonki polskie w XVI wieku. Uzupełnienia, rozprawy, materyały głównie z Ces. Tajnego Archiwum Warmińskiego czerpane, przez Alexandra hr. Przezdzieckiego przeznaczone na dodatkowy tom V, z pozostałości autora wydał i dopełnił Józef Szujski, ed. by Józef Szujski, Kraków, 1878 ⌊Jagiellonki 5cf. Jagiellonki polskie w XVI wieku. Uzupełnienia, rozprawy, materyały głównie z Ces. Tajnego Archiwum Warmińskiego czerpane, przez Alexandra hr. Przezdzieckiego przeznaczone na dodatkowy tom V, z pozostałości autora wydał i dopełnił Józef Szujski, ed. by Józef Szujski, Kraków, 1878 ⌋, Additions, Section II, No. 21, p. 46-47).

[16] Alfonso d’Aragona’s mission in Poland lasted from August to October. When he found that Sigismund I and Sigismund II Augustus were away from Cracow, he went to Brest-Litovsk (August 17, 1544) where the diet of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was being held. His mission had two goals: to improve the marital relations of Sigismund II Augustus and Elizabeth von Habsburg, and to persuade the Polish king to take part in an anti-Turkish crusade (cf. Gerhard Deggeller, Karl V. und Polen-Litauen. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Ostpolitik des spaeten Kaisertums., Wuerzburg - Aumuehle, 1939 ⌊DEGGELLERcf. Gerhard Deggeller, Karl V. und Polen-Litauen. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Ostpolitik des spaeten Kaisertums., Wuerzburg - Aumuehle, 1939 ⌋, p. 38, cf. cf. Jacek Wijaczka, Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski z Rzeszą Niemiecką (1519-1556), Kielce, 1998 ⌊WIJACZKA 1998cf. Jacek Wijaczka, Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski z Rzeszą Niemiecką (1519-1556), Kielce, 1998 ⌋, p. 167-170, 276-277; cf. Listy z lat 1525-1548 ze zbiorów Władysława Pociechy, Witolda Taszyckiego i Adama Turasiewicza, ed. by Kazimierz Rymut, Kraków, 1998, series: Listy polskie XVI wieku 1 ⌊Listy polskie 1cf. Listy z lat 1525-1548 ze zbiorów Władysława Pociechy, Witolda Taszyckiego i Adama Turasiewicza, ed. by Kazimierz Rymut, Kraków, 1998, series: Listy polskie XVI wieku 1 ⌋, No. 122, p. 324-325; cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌊EFE 37cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 37. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia VII pars H B A, B 2, 1543-47, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1976 ⌋, No. 865, p. 103-104, No. 868, p. 106, cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 25, p. 18-19, see also cf. Anna Dembińska, Zygmunt I. Zarys dziejów wewnętrzno - politycznych w latach 1540-1548, Poznań, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1948, series: Poznańskie TPN Prace Komisji Historycznej 15/3 ⌊DEMBIŃSKA 1948cf. Anna Dembińska, Zygmunt I. Zarys dziejów wewnętrzno - politycznych w latach 1540-1548, Poznań, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, 1948, series: Poznańskie TPN Prace Komisji Historycznej 15/3 ⌋, p. 240-244).

[18] Piero Strozzi despite being related to the Medicis, he fought against their restitution to power. After the defeat at Montemurlo in 1537, he fled to France to the court of Catherine de’ Medici. Appointed the marshal of France in 1554, he again unsuccessfully fought against Cosimo I de’Medici to defend the independence of Siena. Considered the inventor of the dragoon (horse arquebusiers) formation.

[19] Galeotto II Pico della Mirandola (1508-1550), count of Miarandola (1533-1548).

[20] gefangen written next to the braces encompassing the lines from: her Jacob Triuultz... to: her Camillus Vrsini...

[21] The information about the imperial forces capturing 60 standards at Serravalle, including four black ones with a crescent motif, is confirmed by a report in Gabriel Tarło’s letter (cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌊EFE 43cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 43. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIII pars H B A, B 2a, 1534-65, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1978 ⌋, No. 23, p. 17, cf. cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌊EFE 49cf. Elementa ad fontium editiones 49. Documenta ex Archivo Regiomontano ad Poloniam spectantia XIX pars H B A, B 4, 1542-1548, ed. by Karolina Lanckorońska, Roma, 1980 ⌋, No. 478, Annexum I, p. 95).